The anecdotes A Good Man is Hard to Find and The Comforts of Home will

The tales A Good Man is Hard to Find and The Comforts of Home will be inspected as for shading Flannery O’Conner †Color Connotations The tales A Good Man is Hard to Find and The Comforts of Home will be inspected as for shading undertone and symbolism. This paper will talk about how hues influence the reader’s dynamic faculties and feelings. Hues are additionally used to recommend the idea of the piece and characters inside. Different societies see hues contrastingly which could change a reader’s viewpoint. A Good Man is Hard to Find is told from the grandmother’s purpose of see. The primary noteworthy shading is portraying her son’s spouse. â€Å"†¦ a young lady is slacks, whose face was as expansive and blameless as a cabbage and was tied around with a green head-handkerchief that had two focuses on top like rabbit’s ears.† The utilization of this shading is vague. It could be interpreted as either positive or negative. The positive is that it might be recommending the woman’s youth, fruitfulness and power. The negative undertone is the grandmother’s desire and jealousy towards her energy. There is clear hostility between the two. When the grandma recommends visiting Tennessee â€Å"The children’s mother didn’t appear to hear her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The grandma never talks legitimately to the mother. She over and over alludes to the woman’s clothing with an unmistakable way of predominance. â€Å"[The next day] the children’s mother despite everything had on slacks and still had her head tied up in a green bandanna, however the grandma had on a naval force blue straw mariner cap with a lot of white violets on the edge what's more, a naval force blue dress with little white dabs in the print. Her collars what's more, sleeves with white organdy cut with trim and at her neck area she had... ...the shading yellow shows up. â€Å"[The dog] opened one yellow eye, took him in, and shut it again.† This shows and Thomas’s weakness and ravenousness. He is insatiable in light of the fact that he needs his home and mother’s consideration. Viciousness in a matter of seconds results. Dark is identified with Sarah twice; despite the fact that there is just one reference to dark in regards to Thomas. Threefold were both characters corresponded with red, exhibiting they commonly played a job in the passing of the mother. Hues are in actuality word-pictures which work by a technique for affiliation. Pictures and feelings are made when perusers make meanings of hues inside the content. In United States of America, white is a portrayal of immaculateness, harmony, tidiness, blamelessness and marriage; be that as it may, in China, white is emblematic of grieving and demise. Generally, blue has the least negative undertones across different societies.

FDRs NEW DEAL A SUCCESS essays

FDRs NEW DEAL A SUCCESS expositions Franklin Delano Roosevelts New Deal programs for alleviation and works ventures were advantageous to Americas financial breakdown while helping the country in general. Prior to these projects, be that as it may, the country was in a most destitute state. On October 24th 1929 a day known as Dark Thursday came. The securities exchange slammed thus did the economy. Joblessness ran quick through the nation though a great many Americans were jobless and cash. The country capitulated to perhaps the fiercest occasion ever the Great Depression. Roosevelt, the legislative leader of New York at that point, was very much aware of the requirement for activity and cleared the appointment of 1932. In his debut discourse he discussed Another Deal for America and along these lines the New Deal was conceived. When Roosevelt got to work, help was in transit as he made numerous projects to remove the country from difficult situations. The most significant ones were FERA, or Federal Emergency Relief Adm inistration, the CWA, or Civil Works Administration, and the WPA, or Works Progress Administration. Every last one of these projects affected the country that supported in helping the individuals and the gravely scarred economy. They additionally lifted the spirits and ethics of the individuals. Furthermore, the enduring impacts of the New Deal programs are still felt today, which demonstrates that the help and works progress programs were of outmost advantage to America. Roosevelt was resolved to straightforwardly assuage the enduring of the American individuals. In his debut discourse he stated, I vow you, I vow myself, to another arrangement for the American individuals. He implied that, as president, he guarantees another America that will support the individuals and safeguard their spirit. Roosevelt was focused on getting the country out of the monetary emergency and legitimately helping the individuals. The New Deal was comprised of various projects to enable the country to outperform the downturn. Roosevelt had for quite some time been a supporter of direct government help. He accepted the governmen... <!

A Typical Friday Afternoon on a Thursday

A Typical Friday Afternoon on a Thursday East Campus is unique for a wide variety of reasons. We build roller coasters, swim the across the Charles river (YOU HAVE NO PROOF), and have a bajillion cats (SO MANY KITTENS RIGHT NOW). But a time-honored tradition of East Campus is our Friday Afternoon Club, or FAC. Every Friday of the semester, a different hall bands together to provide some sort of creative food item for the denizens of East Campus. Tetazoo takes FACs extremely seriously. So seriously that we once had a FAC titled The Tetazoo Cares Too Much FAC, where we made personalized cakes for each of the ten halls of East Campus. Our most recent FAC was especially interesting. It was called the Bring the Feast FAC. I was unable to attend the event unfortunately, but I still heard the stories and I got the following fantastic email from Sherin 15. We definitely had a FAC today. Dont you remember? The career fair is tomorrow, so we had to do it on Thursday. Did we all forget? Think, Tetazoo, think. Wasnt there a fridge around? Maybe theres some food in there we could use. Its a stretch, but maybe theres hope? Maybe maybe if we believe, itll work. Didnt we hear that from someone? That if we believe it, maybe when we tear open the fridge, the greatest feast weve ever imagined could be waiting inside? I can believe that. We have the fridge. We just need everyone there to bring the feast to life. 5PM. Courtyard. The feast inside is waiting. It might be a bit difficult to understand what our theme really was from just the email, so Ill give you a little background. Part 1: The Beast Fridge This past summer, the second floor of the east parallel of East Campus had some summer residents who left a fridge unplugged for the duration of the entire summer. As a result, the fridge became full of spoiled, moldy and rotten food and drinks that you could smell from a mile away. Beast tried to make the fridge less toxic. They wrote obscenities on it, and duct taped and caulked it shut and sealed it with spray foam and tar. The fridge still leaked terrible smelling liquids. Eventually, the house manager had his men take the fridge away, but the stairwell they brought the fridge down smelled terrible for many days. Part 2: Robin Williams This past summer, one of the most incredible people and comedians of all time passed away. He will be remembered always, and we wanted to dedicate a part of our FAC to him. Ever see the movie Hook? Part 3: The FAC East Campusers gathered from near and far in the courtyard of East Campus, where Tetazoans were standing around a mini fridge. The mini fridge was duct taped and caulked shut, and it had obscenities about Beast written all over it. A Tetazoan handed a crowbar to some residents of Beast and told them to open the fridge. The Beast residents pried open the fridge, excited to see what sorts of treats were inside. Finally, they got the fridge open, but were shocked to see that it was not full of food. Inside of the fridge were a bunch of plates and bowls and silverware, and a giant picture of Robin Williams. The residents of East Campus were disappointed and confused, but the Tetazoans had never been happier. The Tetazoans grabbed the plates and silverware and started eating instensely, shoveling the invisible food into their mouths at an astonishing rate. The East Campus residents asked the strange Tetazoans where is the food? The Tetazoans answered you have to BELIEVE! Then, all hell broke loose. Suddenly, the barbecues were flipped open to reveal tins full of colored pudding. Tetazoans grabbed the pudding with their filthy hands and screamed FOOD FIGHT!!!! And the result was a bunch of East Campus residents flinging colored pudding at one another in creative ways. (All photos taken by Molly D. 15) Fun was had by all. I really like living in East Campus. People here are so great at having fun and being super supportive, and I love being a part of this fun and accepting group of pudding-covered people who enjoy flinging food at each other. Post Tagged #East Campus

The Effectiveness of U.S. and Scandinavian Penal and...

Joe is a prisoner in a United States penitentiary convicted of assault with a deadly weapon and attempted robbery. Johan is a prisoner in a Norwegian Correctional Facility also convicted of assault with a deadly weapon and attempted robbery. After eight years of serving their time in custody, they are released back out into society, the world beyond their prison walls. During the following month after their release, Joe has once again been arrested for assault and attempted robbery while Johan has started making a quiet living as a deckhand on the coast for a small fishing company in Kopervik. Now both men have the same background and have come out of the same circumstances but yet only one reverts back to a life a crime, why? The United†¦show more content†¦Or in the words of the Prison and Probation Service itself: â€Å"The Prison and Probation Service has two main goals: To contribute to the reduction of criminality, and to work to increase safety in society. To achieve these goals we work with sentenced persons in order to improve their possibilities of living a life without committing new crimes.† (Linstrom and Leijonram) The PTA of 1974 is based on four key principles that continues to shape the modern prison system and inspire the ones of the future. These four points are: i) Imprisonment as a last resort; that is the usual punishment should be a fine or community service, since imprisonment normally has detrimental effects; ii) Normalization; that is, the same rules concerning social and medical care and other forms of public service should apply to prisoners just as they apply to ordinary citizens; iii) Vicinity; that is, the prisoner should be placed in prison as close as possible to his or her hometown (which now is considered more or less obsolete with the advent of high-speed transit and long-distance communication via telephones and the internet); iv) Co-operation; meaning that all parts of the correctional systems (probation service, remand prisons, and prisons) should work closely together in individual cases as well as in general. (Linstrom and Leijonram) These principles are points that the US prison and penal system needs to adapt and incorporate into the US penal

A Summary Of The Homeland Security Act Of 2002 - 1852 Words

A Summary of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 ASCI 254 12/12/14 Ryan Hoffman Abstract The Homeland Security Act of 2002 is a far-reaching act of legislation that was created in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. The bill was sponsored by Richard Armey of Texas and received final congressional approval on November 19th, 2002, and signed into law by President George W. Bush on November 25th, 2002. The Homeland Security Act was one of the largest government responses to the terrorist attacks on 9/11, creating an entirely new department, the Department of Homeland Security under the Executive Branch. The Act also created hundreds of new positions within already existing government departments. The act has been amended a multitude of times since its original passage and over two different Presidential Administrations. Many citizens are still split on the decision whether or not the Homeland Security Act has helped make Americans safer, or if it was the beginning of many government intrusions of citizen’s privacy. Either way, it is an act of legislation that is here to stay, and as citizens it is important to understand it and how it affects the lives of American citizens. In the wake of September 11th, 2001, Americans both young and old were in desperate need for answers: Who did this? Why did they do this? How could this happen? The most important question, though, was: How do we prevent this from happening again? ThenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Department of Homeland Security1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe Establishment of the Department of Homeland Security as Established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 An Analysis and Report Zachary Stackhouse Political Science 101: Introduction October 24, 2011 Introduction On September 11th, 2001, The United States of America and the rest of the world stared and watched as the first and then second tower of the World Trade Center in New York came under attack by terrorists. At 8:46 am, American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North TowerRead MoreThe Department of Homeland Security Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesDepartment of Homeland Security (DHS) became operational on January 24, 2003 60 days after the Senate passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 into law. The Department of Homeland Security is the third largest cabinet department, only after the Department of Defense and the Department of Veterans Affairs. 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The Department is reported to fuse and analyze intelligence and other information relating to homeland security threats and multiple resources areRead MoreLegal, Safety, and Regulatory Requirements of Human Resources1248 Words   |  5 Pagesemployees the assurance of a working environment free from health hazards. The two important workplace regulations in place that affect employees at all levels are workers’ compensation laws at the state level and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) at the federal level (Gomez-Mejia, et al, 2010). Workers’ Compensation The workers’ compensation system offers wages and medical payment to employees who experienced injury or illness on-the-job. Workers’ compensation programsRead MoreThe United States Department Of Homeland Security1356 Words   |  6 PagesPresident George W. Bush pushed for the enactment of the Homeland Security Act in 2002, which became effective on March 1, 2003. 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The Lincoln Electric Company Free Essays

Headquartered in Euclid, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, The Lincoln Electric Company is a world leader in welding and cutting products, as well as a premier manufacturer of electric motors. The company is well known for its dedicated, talented workforce and its superior technology. Lincoln Electric Company gives its customers total solutions along with a commitment to quality. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lincoln Electric Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lincoln Electric Company is also well known for its incentive management system. Many companies strive to duplicate the success that Lincoln has enjoyed over the years. John C. Lincoln founded Lincoln Electric Company in 1895 with a capital investment of $200. At first he only designed electric motors, but in 1909, he began to build welding machines. In 1814, he hired his brother James to be the VP and manager of his company. In 1934, the famous Lincoln bonus plan was instated as employees enjoyed bonuses of 25% of their base pay. By 1940, Lincoln employees enjoyed two times the average pay and productivity of similar Cleveland workers. Lincoln has built a very profitable company. This by way of treating all of its stakeholders with the utmost importance. Lincoln always kept its prices very fair, if not too fair for the customers. In many cases, the price of an item or service provided by Lincoln had gone down over the years. At the same time, employee†s salaries actually went up. This is just one example why Lincoln has flourished. Why are the employees at Lincoln Electric Company so pleased as well as so productive? Why were Lincoln employees willing to work overtime during an August vacation time in 1994? The following benefits are some of the main reasons why Lincoln employees will do almost anything to help its employer: an employee stock purchase plan company-paid life insurance piece rates adjusted for inflation a practice of lifetime employment Since its inception in 1895, Lincoln Electric Company was privately owned. This allowed for the protection of the processes that has kept Lincoln in the lead. However, after two years of losses in 1992 and 1993 due to a harsh foreign market, Lincoln Electric Company had to go public. With multi-million dollar, domestic updates and acquisitions in such countries as Italy, China, and Indonesia, Lincoln Electric Company wasted no time by dwelling on its first losses in Lincoln†s history. Lincoln is back on track as the world leader in arc welding, after faltering for only two years. Lincoln is committed to providing substantial value to all of its stakeholders. Very satisfied, dedicated and talented employees Incentive performance system Customer†s interests were held as more important than the stockholder†s Low prices kept customers pleased Exceptional quality (one Lincoln distributor said he sold hundreds of Lincoln welders without even one return Good relationships with unions Lincoln would guarantee a price quote in writing Having to go public after nearly 100 years The incentive pay scheme needs some updates Try to regain the its long-time standing as a privately owned company Stockholders could threaten with the need for a traditional pay scheme and this could interfere with the excellent relationship that Lincoln Electric has with its employees There is really nothing that Lincoln Electric Company can do that has not already been done. Lincoln Electric Company never had a loss until it†s over sea operations began to suffer in 1992. During the global organization, Lincoln†s employees voluntarily postponed their vacations in order to meet customer demand. Sales records have been set for every quarter since mid 1993. The only area that I see that could be changed is the way that the employees are compensated. How to cite The Lincoln Electric Company, Essay examples

Tourism Growth and Environmental Impacts on Greater Blue Mountains Are

Question: Discuss about the Tourism Growth and Environmental Impacts on Greater Blue Mountains Area. Answer: Introduction Background Information The lush forests along with the deep canyons of the Greater Blue Mountains Area (GBMA) in NSW form a special type of environment which is rich in spectacular landscapes, culture and history that is unique and varieties of plants as well as animals in abundance. In 2000, it was listed among as the World Heritage Area. With approximately a million visitors yearly, it is the countrys natural tourist attraction that is most frequently visited. This growing number of tourists has put the GBMA under intense pressure as it has increased the collective mark that people have on the environment and also the natural processes associated with. Disturbance of wildlife, vegetation, litter and water pollution indicate that there is a need for developing a national ethic which protects the area (Jaworski- Neilson, 2006). Research Aim Statement The aim of the analysis is recognising the real subjects in relation to the growth of the business of tourism and the overall effect that it has on the whole industry as well as the world heritage site, the GBMA. Besides this, the aim of the analysis is also discovering the significant arrangements along with the approaches which are being led by the Area Tourism Board and the effect that they are having on the tourism industry. Research Objectives To discover issues impacting the environment due to tourism growth and to recognise the possible solution to such issues. To recognise what effect the issues related to tourism have on the environment, the business visionaries of tourism and the tourism body. To distinguish as well as investigate every key strategy and arrangement which is initiated by the local tourism board. To identify which encounters and concerns are being faced currently by the development committee and the local tourism board. Significance of the Research The research issue proposed needs to be investigated for creating awareness among the people regrading the need to preserve the national heritage by acting in a responsible manner towards the environment and also regarding the strategies that the development committee of the local tourism board has taken and the challenges which they are facing with respect to GSBA (Sunlu, 2003). Delimitations The study will be delimited to the members of the development committee of the local tourism board and residing in Sydney, Australia. Literature Review Introduction The section of literature review will be taking into account the need for promotion of environmental messages and the extent to which they are being done in case of WHAs and particularly the GBMA. Main Body Negative Impacts of Tourism Growth on the Environment Tourism leads to negative impacts when visitor use levels exceed the ability of the environment of coping with the use within the limits of change that are acceptable. Conventional tourism that is uncontrolled poses potential threats to several natural areas worldwide in the form of increased pollution, soil erosion, loss of natural habitat, enhanced pressure on the endangered species, increased probability of forest fires and strain on the natural resources causing critical disturbance to the local population (Hall, 2001). In such a scenario, it becomes the responsibility of the Government and the Communities to come up with strategies for protection and conservation of the environment. Role of Tourism Industry in Promotion of Tourism along with Protection and Conservation of the Environment It is increasingly being expected by the governments and communities that the protected areas are not just the conservation mainstay but also attract tourists and provide recreational and economic benefits to the communities adjacent to them (Lloyd et al., 2015). Such a drive for increasing the number of tourists puts pressure on the managers to provide support to the initiatives of tourism to areas like the World Heritage Sites (Buckley, 2004) (Thompson et al., 2011). The tourism industry can make contributions to conservation by means of financial contributions, bringing improvements in environmental management and planning particularly of the tourism related facilities, raising environmental awareness, protecting, conserving and restoring the biological diversity and using the natural resources in a sustainable manner. Finally they can come up with regulatory measures (Sunlu, 2003). The main focus of the Government tourism agencies till now has been the impacts that climatic changes have on destinations and the increase in costs for the operators (Tourism Northern Territory , 2009). However, there have been differences in their extent and coverage of the issues of climate changes (Zeppel Beaumont, 2012). As far as the GBMA is concerned, it needs to be managed in the correct way for providing dual benefits of making use of tourism for meeting the international obligation of the Government in terms of presenting the values of World Heritage and making use this branding along with the natural values for attracting tourism (Wilson et al., 2011). On the contrary increasing tourism without having a proper understanding of the threats, values and vulnerability of the World Heritage sites can lead to conflicts between the conservation and economic goals of the Government (Fairweather et al., 2005) (Halpenny, 2010) . In case of GBMA, the development committee of the local tourism board has been entrusted with the responsibility of discovering the issues in relation to tourism that impact the environment, the effects that such issues have on the various stakeholders, the strategies being developed by them in this respect and the challenges they face. Environmental Impacts of Tourism Growth in GBMA The perceived growth of canyoning, an adventure recreation sport in the GBMA has led to concerns regarding such activities causing visitor impacts that are unsustainable to the ecosystem of the canyon. Trampling activity was applied in three levels on the communities of benthic macro invertebrate communities. Subsequent to initial detrimental effects caused by trampling, recovery started. This reflected a concern for the environment and a shift in the park management emphasis to the impact on the natural area which adventure recreation was having (Hardiman Burgin, 2011). Conclusion Most of the observations in the literature that currently exists indicate the negative impacts of tourism growth on the environment and the measures that need to be taken. However, there is shortage of literature on the strategies actually being adopted by the tourism industry and the challenges that they face. This study will try to address this gap in literature. Research paradigm and role of theory Research Paradigm Research paradigm is considered as a perspective which has a set of shared assumptions, concepts, values and practices as its basis (Johnson Christensen, 2010). It is the researchers views related to knowledge development and helps in conducting an effective study. The research paradigm comprises the positivism, interpretevism and realism research philosophies. For this research, the interpretivist paradigm is the most suitable one as it portrays the critical thinking and the form is more descriptive. The main focus of the paradigm of interpretivism is on the contents which are a component of the data and the manner in which their production is made via language practices (Collins, 2010). The focus is more on exploring the topic of research and the more the number of explorations made on the topic, the greater will be the findings as well as the interpretations of the varied activities and occurrences in relation to the topic of research (Cryer, 2006). Theoretical Underpinning A research might be deductive or inductive. In case of inductive research, the theory is brought out from the outcome of the research study whereas in case of deductive research the approach is top-down wherein the hypotheses are drawn from the theory (Saunders et al., 2007). Observations will be made by the research on the hypotheses and the theory postulates will be confirmed. Figure 1: Deductive Research Approach A deductive approach will be adopted by the study and the outcomes which will be drawn as a result of this study will be adding on to the knowledge that already exists on the environmental impacts that growth in tourism has. Environmental Impacts of Tourism The quality of natural as well as man-made environment is vital for tourism. However, the relationship that exists between the environment and tourism is extremely complex. Several activities that might have adverse effects on the environment are involved in it. most of such impacts are related to constructing the general infrastructure like airports, roads, tourism facilities such as shops, restaurants, hotels and resorts. These negative aspects of developing tourism can ultimately result in destroying the environmental resources on which it is dependent. It is a means of raising awareness related to environmental values and has the ability of serving as a tool for financing protection and increasing the economic significance of the natural areas (Sunlu, 2003). Research Design Methodology For the purpose of collecting the data for the study qualitative research will be used. Qualitative research method comprises collecting data and then using it for describing the varied aspects but there is no focus on statistical inferences (Bjrklund Paulsson, 2012). The main aim of such an analysis is to use it for making observations that will be assisting the researcher to comprehend the data that has been collected (Ghauri Grnhaug, 2005). Qualitative research will be used in this study as the nature is interpretative towards the environmental impacts of tourism growth in the GBMA. Additionally, qualitative research is exploratory in nature along with being descriptive focused. Hence, the design will be emergent instead of fixed and more flexibility will be available to the researcher in order for collecting data in settings that are natural (Creswell, 2003). Nature of Research The study will be exploratory in nature as it will be trying to figure out the things which are taking place. Additionally, it will also be looking for new insights and also throw open new questions and make sure that the way of analysing the phenomena is a new one (Robson, 2002). The justification for this is that it will assist in analysing further the impact that tourism growth will have on the GBMA and it will hence provide a better insight into the environmental impacts of tourism growth. Research Strategy Research strategy is said to be a plan that will be utilised for reaching the research question (Neuman, 2004). The strategy used for collecting the data will be conducting interviews of three development committee members of the local tourism board. The interviews will be face to face and one member at a time will be interviewed. However, the set of questions will remain the same for all the three members. The researcher will be taking a prior appointment with three members of the committee who are easily accessible so that they can be interviewed without any disturbances at a time that they have allotted to the researcher. Data Collection Data Required Qualitative data needs to be collected for fulfilling the objectives of the research. This is because the main research objectives consist of finding out the issues that are having an impact on the environment due to tourism growth and the solutions that are possible for those issues, recognising the way these issues effect the environment, the business visionaries and the tourism body, investigating the key strategies they have come up with and identifying the concerns that they are currently facing. These research objectives can be achieved only after a one-one discussion with the concerned members. Therefore, for collection of this qualitative data, members of the development committee of the local tourism board will be interviewed. Data Sources The data that is required by the researcher is located with the members of the development committee of the local tourism board in Sydney. Data Collection Methods and Instrumentation For the collection of the primary data, the use of the open ended questionnaire will be made. The use of a semi-structured questionnaire will be made for the purpose of interviewing the respondents and collecting the data which is relevant for achieving the research objectives. The data will be collected from three members of the development committee of the local tourism board which is responsible for management of tourism at GSMA. The use of open-ended questionnaire that is informal will be made for primary data collection as such a technique of interview assists in figuring out a qualitative dimension that is totally new with respect to the research questions. It will be consisting of ten questions. The use of questionnaire has been made as the interview instrument as it comprises a formalised set of questions which provides assistance in getting the answers from the respondents selected (Malhotra, 2011). Besides this, it also provides assistance in collection of data which is of very good quality and also highly relevant (Adler Clark, 2011). The collection of secondary data will be made from reliable sources such as scholarly textbooks, academic journals, reports, research theses, refereed conference proceedings and publications which hold relevance in the context of the research. Sampling The subset with respect to the population selected for the purpose of study forms the sample while the number of individuals or respondents who form a part of the sample is the sample size (Adler Clark, 2011). Simple convenience sampling will be utilised for selecting the members of the development committee of the local tourism board for the purpose of interviewing. Such a technique involves non-probability sampling as the choice of respondents is based on the ease with which the researcher can gain accessibility to them (Saunders et al., 2009). As the entire population is too large to be included in the study, convenience sampling was chosen. This method is also faster and easier. The sample for this study will be three managers from the above mentioned committee. The sample size of three can be justified because all the managers will be having the information that is needed for answering the research questions. The secondary data will be selected based on the authenticity of the sources from where it is obtained. Data Analysis Methods The data that will be collected after interviewing the managers will be analysed on the basis of the responses of the managers. First the data will be transcribed as well as checked and then analysed. The recording of the interview will be done and each respondent will be allotted a number. The data will be deindetified after discussing it with a transcriptionist so that a correct meaning can be given to the text. The data will be organised as per the responses that have been provided by the managers to the different questions. The answers to each question provided by the three managers will be grouped together for identifying the common themes in the findings. Arranging the data in accordance to the common themes will simplify the process of analysing the data. The collected data will be coded by assigning a phrase for each coding category. The responses to the interview will be analysed systematically and the main themes will be coded. The secondary data collected will also be qualitative in nature and its comparisons will be made with the primary data to find out the similarities and differences between the two of them. Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations are highly significant as human beings form the respondents in the study. A substantial amount of advantages as well as explanations will be provided to the respondents with respect to the study. The participants will be free to participate in the research and will not be forced to do so. Each respondent will be dealt with in a manner that is ethical by taking consent in a proper way for their participation in the research. They will also be provided with proper information regarding the purpose of the research. The responses that the respondents will be providing will be maintained as confidential and the use of data will be made only for academic purposes. The participants individuality will be given due respect and high value will be allotted to their responses and no misrepresentation of the facts or information that have relevance from the research perspective will be done. Methodological Limitations The size of the sample has been limited due to the timeframe for data collection being limited. Additionally, the focus of the research is primarily on tourism growth and environmental impact on GBMA, the secondary data is available in limited amount. Most of the academic journal and research papers of the previous years have either dealt with the aspect of tourism growth and its environmental aspect in general or in some other tourist places and thus there is a probability that accuracy of the outcomes may vary. This will also make the aspect of collecting secondary data very challenging. References Adler, E.S. Clark, R., 2011. An Invitation to Social Research: How It's Done. Wadsworth Publishing. Bjrklund, M. Paulsson, U., 2012. Seminarieboken: att skriva, presentera och opponera. Studentlitteratur. Buckley, R., 2004. Effects of WHA listing on Australian national parks. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(1), pp.70-84. Collins, H., 2010. Creative Research: The Theory and Practice of Research for the Creative Industries. Switzerland: AVA Publishing. Creswell, J., 2003. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Thousand oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Cryer, P., 2006. The Research Student'S Guide To Success. UK: McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Fairweather, J.R., Maslin, C. Simmons, D.G., 2005. Environmental values and response to ecolables among international visitors to New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(1), pp.8298. Ghauri, P. Grnhaug, K., 2005. Research Methods in Business Studies: A Practical Guide. London: Prentice Hall. Hall, M.C., 2001. Trends in Ocean And Coastal Tourism: The End of The Last Frontier. Ocean Coastal Management, 44, pp.601-18. Halpenny, E.A., 2010. Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors: The effect of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, pp.40921. Hardiman, N. Burgin, S., 2011. Effects of trampling on in-stream macroinvertebrate communities from canyoning activity in the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area. Wetland Ecology and Management, 19(1), pp.61--71. Jaworski- Neilson, K., 2006. Leave No Trace: Outdoor Ethics. [Online] Available at: https://www.lnt.org.au/documents/private/se-blue-mt.pdf [Accessed 23 September 2016]. Johnson, B. Christensen, L., 2010. Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches. UK: Sage. Lloyd, D., Gilmour, S. Stimpson, K., 2015. Promoting the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area: environmental presentation within tourist brochures. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(4), pp.325-43. Malhotra, N., 2011. Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation. Pearson. Neuman, 2004. Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Robson, C., 2002. Real World Research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner researchers. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2007. Research methods for business students. London: Prentice Hall. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2009. Research methods for business students. Harlow: Pearson Education. Sunlu, U., 2003. Environmental impacts of tourism. In D. Camarda L. Grassini, eds. Local resources and global trades: Environments and agriculture in the Mediterranean. Bari : CIHEAM. pp.263-70. Thompson, J.D. et al., 2011. Ecological solidarity as a conceptual tool for rethinking ecological and social interdependence in conservation policy for prtected areas and their surrounding landscape. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 334, pp.41219. Tourism Northern Territory , 2009. Climate change overview:How will climate change impact tourism?. [Online] Available at: https://www.tourismnt.com.au [Accessed 23 September 2016]. Wilson, E., Stimpson, K., Lloyd, D. Boyd, W.E., 2011. Promoting Gondwana: Presentation of the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Area in tourist brochures. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 6(4), pp.297308. Zeppel, H. Beaumont, N., 2012. Climate change and tourism futures: Responses by Australian tourism agencies. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 12(2), pp.73-88.

The Power of Togetherness Adidas and Its Brand New Advertisement

Introduction Promoting sportswear might seem easy – as long as sport exists, there will always be high demand in the given niche. However, Adidas was one of the first companies that decided to appeal to the general audience, thus, opening more opportunities for the companies producing sports clothes.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Power of Togetherness: Adidas and Its Brand New Advertisement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The given step, however, also opened the door to numerous challenges, which Adidas fights very efficiently in such commercials as the advertisement of T Max 6 shoes. Description In their advertisement of T Max 6 shoes, Adidas provides an image of a hall with a range of lockers, two pairs of shoes, the red ones in the foreground and the white ones on the left and on the right side of the red pair. In the distance, a group of people can be seen. In the center of the advertisemen t, a caption saying â€Å"Together we can† runs in what is supposed to remind of a handwritten note. Analysis Setting As it has been stressed above, Adidas clearly puts the stake on both athletic performers and average citizens, which the advertisement displays in a very graphic manner. On the one hand, the setting, with lockers and a long hall, can clearly be defined as a gym at the very least. Thus, sportsmen are being addressed. However, the silhouettes of the people in the background are so vague that they could be practically anyone, from Dennis Rodman and Michael Jordan to any member of the target audience. Therefore, the viewer can easily imagine himself among sport stars and, thus, relate to the advertisement and the product in question. Messages No matter how vague the background might be, though, one can spot easily not one, not two, but at least three people walking in a straight line. A seemingly minor detail at first, on a second thought, the given element of the commercial appears to be the most important part of the advertisement, not only because it affects the audience on a subliminal level, but also because it appeals to people’s necessity to be a part of society, which the catchphrase in the caption reiterates and, thus, reinforces.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For a number of reasons, people walking in line are the kind of a clichà © that always renders the heartstrings of the audience in the right way. Perhaps, it is the sense of being a part of a strong team of people who mean business and knowing that there are reliable people ready to support any of their members that affects the audience. Anyway, the blurred image of a team meaning serious business happens to be one of the strongest aspects of an advertisement, which touches upon people’s need for friends and support. In other words, the advertisem ent practically screams to the audience, â€Å"If you wear our shoes, you will have strong and supportive friends and be a member of a team†; and, quite honestly, very few people can resist such an offer. Color cast Finally, the choice of color and its arrangement in the advertisement must be mentioned. It was wise of Adidas to use only one aggressive color in the picture; with the rest of the colors toned down, blood red shoes in the foreground make a statement of their owner’s persistence an success. Another peculiar aspect of the color cast concerns the way in which the palette was arranged in the picture. With one red shoe in the foreground and the second one in the background, the advertisement offers the audience curious visual rhymes. The impression of symmetry grows even stronger as the viewer notices two similar white shoes on the left and right from the red one. Finally, the clever use of light also serves its purpose, making the important elements visible an d leaving the places that the audience’s imagination should work with in the shadow. Even though the idea of putting the product, i.e., the shoe, in the limelight might seem dated, in the given commercial, it appears to be quite natural, seeing how the commercial makes the audience focus on what lurks in the shadows even more than on what is in the spotlight. Audience One of the many important details about the way Adidas promotes its products is that it never targets a specific audience. True, sportswear is designed to be suitable mostly for the people who take up sports; however, Adidas was the first to push the envelope and ask a question why other people could not wear sporty clothes.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Power of Togetherness: Adidas and Its Brand New Advertisement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, not only does Adidas appeal to a general audience of no particular soci al status, their age ranging from five to ninety, but also manages to make the idea of being sporty and trim fashionable. Summary Although initially, sportswear was designed for a very particular set of customers, i.e., the people who took up sports, Adidas made a breakthrough by appealing to every single member of the society, therefore, making the idea of taking up sports attractive to everyone. Such popularization of sports is especially obvious in the given advertisement, seeing how it does not show sportsmen explicitly, only dropping hints at a sports setting. With a â€Å"Together We Can† catchphrase thrown into the foreground, the company appeals to people’s feeling of solidarity and togetherness, therefore, creating the premises for being supported by a team of enthusiasts instead of individuals, which makes the company all the more influential. This assessment on The Power of Togetherness: Adidas and Its Brand New Advertisement was written and submitted by user Kane Mendoza to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alphonse Capone essays

Alphonse Capone essays Alphonse Capone a.k.a. Al Capone was born on January 17, 1899 in Brooklyn, New York. Alphonse Capone which parents were baptizes grew up in a rough district and he was a member of two kid gangs, the Brooklyn Rippers and the Forty Thieves Juniors. Although Al Capone was a bright young man, he quit school in the sixth grade at age fourteen. Although Al Capone was a criminal he had normal jobs on the side e.g. he was a clerk in a candy store, an assistant in a bowling alley and a cutter in a book bindery. Soon he became part of the notorious Five Points gang in Manhattan and now he worked in gangster Frankie Yales Brooklyn dive, Harvard In, which was an illegal gambling den. While working here he received his famous facial scars which resulted in the nickname Scarface. He had insulted a costumer and was attacked by her brother with a glass. In 1918 Capone met an Irish girl named Mary Mae Coughlin at a dance. On December 4, 1918 Mae gave birth to their son, Albert Sonny Francis. Capone a nd Mae married later that year on December 30. Capone was arrested for the first time while he was working for Yale because of a disorderly Conduct. He also murdered two men in his first years as a gangster, but nobody wanted to testimony against him, because they were either his friends or afraid of him. After Capone had sent a gang member from an Irish gang called Finnegan on the hospital, Yale sent him to Chicago because the Irish gangs where furious and threatened to kill him. So Capone now moved to Chicago with his family, were they moved into a house at 7244 South Prairie Avenue. After Capones move to Chicago he became member of the Four Deuces, a gang which were lead by his old friend from New York, John Torrio. The Year was now 1919 and a new kind of underground crime/business, illegal distribution of liquor was becoming attractive for the gangsters because...

New Urbanism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

New Urbanism - Research Paper Example Ryans article seems to be merely reporting, but contains an undercurrent of argument that things will be better by recreating the past in public places with new technology. Although Kunstler, Davis, and Ryan seem at odds with one another, they are arguing for the same thing: the revitalization of an urban America that will increase public happiness by re-integrating people with their environment and one another. James Kunstlers essay is essentially a lament for the America of the past. He makes his point by contrasting the American cities and towns of today with those of the past, with those of France, and with Disneyland. The reason that Americans find Disneyland so popular, he says, is that â€Å"The design quality of Disney World ... is about 1.5 notches better than the average American suburban shopping mall or housing subdivision† (Kunstler ). This is vastly different from the situation in France, where â€Å"the most mediocre French street quarter† is five times better (Kunstler ). The reason for this, Kunstler argues, is that after World War II Americans stopped building things to last. A related problem is that of zoning. Before World War II, zoning did not exist. Instead, people had â€Å"a popular consensus about the right way to assemble a town† (Kunstler ). This resulted in cities that reflected American culture, instead of a meaningless set of laws. As a solution to both problems—the decay of building to last and the rise of soulless zoning laws—Kunstler holds up what he calls Civic Art, but which our textbook calls New Urbanism. He defines the most important part of this movement as the neighborhood, which is â€Å"a five-minute walking distance †¦ from the edge to the center† and where â€Å"wheeled vehicles are permitted, but do not take precedence over human needs, including aesthetic needs† (Kunstler ). Only by moving away from the drab suburban sprawl which fills us with nostalgia and back to

Diversity of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversity of Life - Essay Example These vital factors play an imperative role in deciding the kind of flora and fauna of the place, accordingly, different kinds of ecosystems are present in different parts of the world. Tropical zone is hot as it receives most of the sunlight falling on the planet. The rate of evaporation is also high, rainfall and humidity is more. The vegetation is thick and most of the Rainforest is present in this region. Thus, climate of a place decides the vegetation and animals of the place. For instance, desert conditions cannot support pine forest but they support animals like camel with padded hoofs to walk on the hot sand and membrane-covered eyes to see during desert storm. The animal is well adapted to live under water scarcity condition because of its hump which stores fat. In a similar manner, desert conditions also support cactus plants which are well adapted to the climatic conditions of desert, the leaves are modified as spines and thick stem to carry out the process of photosynthesis. In a similar manner, pine trees with conical shape and wax coated, needle like leaves are the adaptive features of the flora belonging to the frigid zone. The conical shape and wax coated leaves of the plant allows snow to slide off the plant. Needle like leaves allow air to pass through the plants, these features aid in better survival of the plant. The fauna of the frigid zone encompasses polar bear which has white fur for protection from the chill of snow and also to escape from the enemies. Other animals encompass seal, wolf and dogs called huskies. Temperate zone on the other hand, possess mild climate which is neither too hot nor too cold. This climatic zone supports good conditions for the survival of humans, as the climate is moderate it allows proliferation of numerous life forms. Distribution of animals and plants in this climatic zone is also supported by the environmental agents and the

Theories of Growth and Debt

Theories of Growth and Debt Basically in economic literature we learn two ways in which a country can grow its economy. It can be growth which has been brought about by innovations in the process of competition, which can well be described by the dynamic completion model (Ellig, 2001). On the other hand according to Solow (1956) neoclassical model economic growth can be achieved by an expansion in the amount of investment. According to this model a country will attain economic growth if it increases its savings and investments. This automatically implies that for the least developed countries to grow economically they need to implement policies that support greater savings that will then increase investment and hence growth. To finance its activities a country has a number of options of raising the funds. It can make use of the internal sources such as taxes and fees or it can borrow if the internal source is not enough to finance the budget deficit. According to Adegbite, E et al (2008) the Dual Gap theory is a better explanation of the reason for opting for external finance as opposed to domestic financing in financing the sustainable development. According to the theory in developing countries the level of domestic savings is not sufficient to finance the needed investment to ensure economic development; since investment is a function of savings it is logical to require the use of complementary external goods and services. However, the relationship between domestic savings and foreign funds gives a guide as to how a country can borrow abroad (ibid). Also since most of LDCs are far from their steady state growth any investment injection could lead then to have accelerated economic growth. The country should borrow abroad if it is anticipated that the return on the borrowed funds will be higher than the cost, therefore we do expect a country to invest in projects having expected returns higher than the cost of foreign debt. Since if not used wisely, debt can amount to impeding the long term growth prospect of the country. External debt does not transform automatically into debt burden when a country optimally make use of the fund. According to Adegbite et al (2008) in an optimal condition, the marginal return on investment is greater than or equal to the cost of borrowing, in this case debt will show a positive impact on growth. According to the neoclassical growth theory, debt has a positive direct effect on economic growth. This is because the amount borrowed if used optimally it is anticipated to increase investment. On the other hand the indirect effect of debts is its effect on investment. The transmission mechanism through which the debt affects growth is its reduction on the resources available for investment by debt servicing. According to debt overhang hypothesis, a certain level of external debt has a direct positive effect to economic growth until a certain point where by an additional debt will have a negative effect to growth. The Debt Overhang Theory According to Krugman (1988), the debt overhang theory shows that if there is some likelihood that in the future debt will be larger than the countrys repayment ability; expected debt-service costs will discourage further domestic and foreign investment because the expected rate of return from the productive investment projects will be very low to support the economy as the significant portion of any subsequent economic progress will accrue to the creditor country. This eventually will further reduce both domestic and foreign investments and hence downsizes economic growth (Krugman, 1988, Sachs, 1989a). Claessens and Diwan (1990) argue that debt overhang is a situation in which the illiquidity effect, the disincentive effect, or both effects are strong enough to discourage growth in the absence of concessions by creditors. This is a narrow definition of the debt overhang where the impact of a high external debt that is linked to the tax disincentives argument, where any success in indebted countrys economic performance is taxed away by creditors and ultimately little is left over for domestic investment and subsequent growth (Hjertholm, 2001). According to Were, M (2001) debt overhang is much wider in that the effects of debt do not only affect investment in physical capital but any activity that involves incurring costs up-front for the sake of increased output in the future. Such activities include investment in human capital (in terms of education and health) and in technology acquisition whose effects on growth may be even stronger over time. As stressed out by Agenor and Montiel (1996), the approach to external debt is motivated by several observations. Most of which policy-oriented discussion of the debt problem were centered on the question of whether the debt crisis was one of solvency or of liquidity problem. Differentiating the two terms we can see that, liquidity problem is the inability of a country to service its debts as they fall due. That means lack of liquidity occurs when a county does not have enough cash on hand to pay current obligations. On the other hand, solvency issue relates to whether the value of a countrys liabilities exceeds the ability to pay at any time; a country is insolvent when it is incapable of servicing its debt in the long run (Ajayi, 1991). Taking this into consideration, we observe that, most of least developed countries were solvent and still they are solvent. As pointed out by Kletzer (1988), the present value of the most of least developed countries prospective resources which were measured by discounted value of the real outflows was way far larger than the debt obligations they have. In answering the question as to why the indebted poor countries had a problem of illiquidity, Jonse G. Leta (2002) in his research on external debt and economic growth in Ethiopia pointed out that although the indebted poor countries have been able to pay i.e. solvent, the willingness to pay decline for a variety of reasons. Among many factors there are domestic and external factors that responsible for this outcome of crisis. The domestic factors often cited include wrong macroeconomic policies such as fiscal irresponsibility and exchange rate misalignment, policies that deter savings such as negative real interest rates, which in turn reduce investment and encourage capital flight and financing long-run projects with short-term credits. External factors include oil shocks, deterioration in the terms of trade and rising foreign interest rates. Essentially the higher the stock of debt to the country, the higher is the current sacrifice for the sake of the future growth. The theory of debt overhang is well explained by the hypothesis of Debt Laffer curve which relates the magnitude of countrys debt and the value of repayment. According to Freytag, A et al (2008) the NPV of the debt repayments increases with stock of debt up to a certain threshold point beyond which a higher face value of the debt will be associated with lower efforts and investments, lower economic growth and lower NPV of expected debt service. According to Clements, B et al (2005) high levels of debt can depress economic growth in low-income countries, external debt slows growth only after its face value reaches a threshold level estimated to be about 50 percent of GDP (or, in net present value terms, 20-25 percent of GDP). Debt overhang depresses growth by increasing private investors uncertainty about governmental action taken to meet the debt service obligations. These include increase in money supply that causes inflation, distortion of future tax policies (Clements et al, 2005). Therefore the debt overhang problem is linked to the transfer of resources from capital scarce to capital surplus countries. The debt Laffer curve argument (which was apparently introduced by Jefrrey Sachs) is derived from the tax laffer curve hypothesis introduced by Arthur Laffer (1981), who argues that if personal tax rates were raised, they generate a dreadful impact on government tax revenue. The reason is that high tax rates either simply discourages investment or leads to tax evasion. Figure 1 presents the Debt Laffer Curve of external debt, expected payments and amortizations. If the stock of external debt is small, such that from the origin to point A, then it is expected that the debtor country will be able to meet the forthcoming debt repayment in full without a problem. Under this situation the marginal expected debt repayment with relation to the debt stock is one. However, after this point the expected debt repayment expands at a lower rate in relation to the debt accumulation. A country under this level of debt stock is expected to have some difficulties in meeting the debt repayment; this can be seen from the marginal expected debt repayment of between 0 and 1 exclusive. The risk of inability to service the debt increases with the increase in debt stock. The risk may vary from country to country according to the level of their debts interest rate. At point B, the expected debt repayment reaches its maximum saturated point and then starts falling, at this point and beyond the marginal impact of debt is negative. A country under this situation is totally unable to service the debts and most of the time declared to be in debt crisis. On extending the debt laffer curve to show the contribution of external debt on economic growth on a country we can have figure 2 below. This shows the non linear relationship of external debt and economic growth as supported by Pattillo, C. et al (2002).. A reasonable level of external debt actually has a positive impact on economic growth while excessive debt stock is destructive. As debt stock increases with time growth decreases and it can sometimes reaches a negative level of economic growth. Combining the two figures we have figure 3. Here we can see that as debt increases, creditors expectations of being paid are distorted. From the figure it is easily seen that when the expected payment of the debt increases proportionally less than the debt stock, the distortions are such that extra amounts of debt start decelerating the GDP growth rate. Moreover, if the debt accumulation achieves higher levels such that the debtor starts diminishing or failing to make its regular amortizations, any extra debt increment will be translated into negative contributions to the GDP growth rate. Claessens et al, (1996) stressed out that, the other channels through which the service of a large amount of external debt obligations can affect economic performance include the crowding out effect, the lack of access to international financial markets and the effects of the stock of debt on the general level of uncertainty in the economy. The crowding out effect occurs when there is a reduction in the current debt service that lead to an increase in current investment for any given level of future indebtedness (Cohen, 1993). If a greater portion of export revenue is used to service external debt, very little is available for investment and growth. Claessens et al (1996) also argues that where foreign assistance is related to the debt and debt service of indebted poor countries, the effects of a debt overhang on economic performance is a more complex question. Debt servicing difficulties lead to a deterioration of relations with creditors, thus reducing the amount of finance indebted poor countries can access (Khan and Villaneuva, 1991). Theoretical Consideration of Impact of Debt Relief From the literature on debt overhang and its effects on growth it is evident that debt relief might have a stimulating effect on investment and economic growth. Since debt overhang exist when a country exceeds its repayment ability, it can be suggested that, expected debt service is an increasing function of countrys output level (Krugmanv1988; Sachs 1989). Therefore in presence of debt overhang, the greater percentage of benefits of an increased output brought about the debt accrues to the creditor while all the costs incurred accrue to the indebted country. The incentive mechanism suggests that, in the presence of debt overhang high debt reduces both public and private investment. In the case of public investment, the incentive to investment is discouraged when a large percentage of the return on the debt accrues to the creditor (Johansson 2010). According to Helpman (1989) the disincentive to private investment occur when a high future debt service acts as implicit tax because more will have to be raised out of the tax to help finance the debt obligations. In this situation projects with quick return will be preferred to long term because there will be high uncertainty on government actions and its policies in meeting the debt obligations (Servà ¨n 1997). High level debt increase governments disincentive to carry out reforms. As supported by Corden (1998) and Johansson (2010) that high level of debt makes economic reforms less advantageous and slows down growth because in the presence of debt overhang the growth-enhancing reforms intensify the pressure to repay foreign creditors than fuelling the growth and improving social services. Therefore when a country suffers from debt overhang, debt relief has the potential to improve economic efficiency. This can be possible by reducing the debt stock; the reduction will then spill-over its effects and reduce the debt overhang. This will then prevent the disincentive suggested. Cohen (1993) suggested that, debt service payments crowd out investments in areas such as education, health and infrastructure development which are direct as well as indirect impact on economic growth. To help in facilitating growth debt relief frees resources which were tied up in debt servicing enabling government to reallocate the freed resources to more productive areas. Looking into resource mechanism in detail it is evident that not just debt relief might bring about the growth due to the freed resources but other factors such as the magnitude of the relief or forgiveness, government investment decisions of the freed resources, revenue collection, new borrowing, and aids have impact on growth. As supported by Cassimon et al (2008) that since the creditors give debt relief to countries facing repayment difficulties, the resource mechanism might not create a greater fiscal space to help investment. The impact of debt relief or forgiveness on growth might be limited due to moral hazard or adverse selection (Johansson, 2010). This is because with the idea that the debt will be forgiven or relieved in future, borrowers will be encourage to take up excessive amounts of new loans, expecting that it will be forgiven when the country is in repayment difficulties (Easterly, 2002). This will push countries to rise up new loans even if there are no productive investment opportunities. In adverse selection case, creditors give relief to countries which face payment difficulties and not the ones that are willing and able to increase their investment. A country in this situation might be faced by factors such as profligate government, political instability or interest group polarization reflecting the high discounting toward the future (Easterly, 2002). He pointed out further, for the debt relief to have a positive impact on growth, good institution and governance is inevitable. This was also supported by Robinson, (2001) and Subramanian, Trebbi, (2004) because countries with better institutions and government invest more in physical and human capital and make efficient use of the resources to achieve higher growth. In absence of good institutions and governance the freed resources would not translate to productive investments. Empirical Literature Review Debt overhang, investment and Growth Milton Iyoha (1999) used macroeconometric model to facilitate the simulation of the impact of external debt in economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. With the use of simultaneous equation models for output and investment demand he was able to conclude that, there is a significant debt overhang and crowding out effect in Sub-Saharan Africa. In other words, the large stock of external debt and heavy debt service payments had a depressing effect on investment in SSA. He went further in simulating the implications of the debt reduction packages on economic growth. Upon simulating at different debt stock reduction levels he found that the hypothesized debt reductions assumed would increase investment and to a lesser extent the GDP on subsequent period. Simulations showed that a 50% debt stock reduction would have raised per capita gross domestic investment by over 40%, and increased GDP growth by over 3%, on average, during the 1987-1994 period. Chowdhury (1994) used a structural simultaneous equation model built to capture the interrelationship between public and private external debt, capital accumulation and production function. The models were constructed basing on the inter-relationship between the variables that is, some of the variables have characteristic of both independent and dependent nature. Using the Granger causality test on the data set for indebted developing countries in Asia and Pacific, Chowdhury showed that, the Bulow-Rogoff (1990) proposition that the external debt of the developing countries is a symptom rather than a cause of economic slowdown is rejected. Also he further found that, the Dornbusch-Krugman proposition that external debt leads to economic slowdown is rejected. But a feedback-type relationship is not rejected for two countries. The estimated results indicate that the overall effects of the public and private external debts on GNP are small and of an opposite sign, where as an increase in the GNP level raises substantially the public and private external debts. He argued that the positive estimates of the indirect effects of the public external debt on GNP obtained indicate that the capital flight generated by tax rise expectations is smaller than the contribution of public borrowing in financing investment in capital stock. Moreover, the direct and hence the full effects of the public external debt on GNP are positive and substantially large. An increase of 1% in the public external debt is likely to directly and indirectly raise the GNP level by 0.240% in the Asia Pacific countries. However, the adverse indirect effects of the external debt on GNP through lowering private investment and the overall level of capital stock are large in absolute value and substantially exceed the direct effect. Thus, the full effects of the private external debt on GNP are negative; a 1% increase in the private external debt is likely to reduce the GNP level by 0.033% during the time of study. In his estimates also, the effect of GNP on capital stock is indirectly amplified by the positive effect of the public external debt on capital stock. The overall effect of GNP on capital accumulation is positive. The marginal product of capital is also positive and there is diminishing marginal productivity of capital. Since aggregating of data across countries imposes and identical structure on all country although sometimes there are greater differences between the studied countries. Therefore it is necessary to consider the case of each developing country separately so as to study the characters deeply and suggest policies specific for that country. It is under this consideration that the study will be conducted specifically to Tanzania to explore specific characters of the relationship between external debt and economic growth and thereafter answer the key question on debt relief and its impact on growth in Tanzania. Odegbite, E et al (2008) used two models to capture both linear and nonlinear relationship of external debt in economic growth in the study on the impact of Nigerias external debt on economic development. Based on the modification of Elibadawi, Ndulu and Ndungu (1997) model Odegbite investigated the impact of large external debt stock with its servicing requirements and resulting fiscal deficit on private investment. Analysis showed that the influence of export growth on GDP growth was confirmed with a significant statistics. This has supported what Edwards (1998) claimed on the positive role of export growth process by increasing factor productivity in Nigeria. Due to the existence of debt overhang and crowding out effect result shows that savings compresses output. It was evidenced that, a unit increase in debt burden as measured by the debt service to GDP ratio generates 185 units growth. However the shortcoming of the model used is it considers the public sector gap only and igno res the BOP, it also takes government expenditures and revenue, interest rate and exchange rate as given. Barfour, O (1995), in his study on Ghana, argued that debt repayment inevitably imposes constraints on a debtor countrys growth prospective since it involves the transfer of resources to other countries. Therefore, in order to adequately appreciate the problem of indebtedness, it  is essential to relate the debt with its repayments of some income resources generated by the debtor out of which the repayments could be made. Elbadawi et al. (1997) also confirmed a debt overhang effect on economic growth using cross-section regression for 99 developing countries covering SSA, Latin America, Asia and Middle East. Three direct channels in which indebtedness in SSA works against growth was identified, this include the current debt inflows as a ratio of GDP (which stimulate growth), past debt accumulation (capturing debt overhang) and debt service ratio. The indirect channel works through the impacts it has on the other channels on public sector expenditures. Empirical study shows that direct nonlinear effects of debt on growth was presented in a fixed and random effects panel estimates of a growth regression in which debt to GDP enters both in linear and quadratic form. The results imply growth maximizing debt to GDP ratio of 97 percent, which is quite high considering the average debt to GDP ratio of 70 percent Pattillo, C (2002) By linking debt and growth problem to capital flight in a relatively simple model, Calvo (1998) urged that, high debt is associated with low growth since a higher distortionary tax burden on capital is required to service the debt, leading to a lower rate of return on capital, lower investment and growth. Low debt regimes have high growth for the opposite reasons. In intermediate ranges of debt, however, the effect on growth is indeterminate. The mechanism behind the possibility of multiple equilibria is a reverse causation from growth to the tax burden: if the economy grows more slowly, then the tax rate necessary to obtain enough resources to repay a given debt will have to be higher and vice versa Pattillo, C (2002). Taking in to account the direct as well as the feedback effect of debt in his analysis of the impact of foreign debt on growth in Tanzania Mjema (1996) used simultaneous equation models. In his results he proposed that the impact of the debt service ratio on real growth in GDP is negative. However the effect of external debt found to be positive as it facilitates the growth although the negative force is greater and therefore outweigh the positive effect of debt. Amoating and Amoaku-Adu (1996) urged if a greater proportion of export revenue were used to service external debt, then little foreign exchange would be available for investment and growth. This shows an inverse relationship between debt servicing and investment and growth (Gedefa, J. 2002) A number of other studies have found the existence of debt overhang and crowing out effect in SSA when studying the relationship between debt vis a vis economic growth, investment, capital flight just to mention a few. However, most of the studies are mainly based on data across countries in disregard to each countrys uniqueness. While the findings are quite revealing, there is need for case-by-case in depth studies in view of each countrys unique characteristics. Debt Relief On reviewing a two decades of debt relief Easterly, W (2002) conducted a study aiming at answering the key question as to why did HIPCs became very indebted. Using a sample of 41 HIPCs as classified by IMF and World Bank, he found that despite their poor policies, HIPCs received more than other LDCs. He found that between 1989 1997 a total of US$ 33 billion were forgiven while their respective borrowing was US$41 billion, this shows a close association that the debt relief will be met with an equivalent amount of new borrowing. Upon running the regression for the 40 HIPCs with complete data he found a statistically significant association between average debt relief as a percentage of GDP and new net borrowing as percentage of GDP, one percentage point of GDP higher debt forgiveness translated into 0.34% of GDP new net borrowing. Going further in his analysis Easterly showed that, the average levels of current account deficits, budget deficits, real valuation and other policy indicators were worse for most HIPCs. HIPCs also were worse on the broad measure of policy which includes not only a rating of policy stance but also the institutional quality like the prevalence of corruption. One of explanation of the HIPCs heavily indebtedness is they suffered adverse terms of trade shocks, and wars which destroy countries productive assets. The findings imply that the substantial reduction in external debt projected for the countries participating in the HIPC Initiative would directly add 0.8-1.1 percent to their per capita GDP growth rates. Indeed, the positive effects of debt relief may already be reflected in some of the healthier growth rates achieved by these countries in the past few years relative to their poor performance in the 1990s. (Annual GDP growth averaged 1.2 percent in 2000-02, compared with 0.2 percent during the 1990s.) Clements, B et al (2005). BIBLIOGRAPHY Amoating, K. and Amoaku-Adu, B. (1996), Economic Growth, Export and External Debt causality: The Case of African Countries, Applied Economics, 28, pp 21-27 Barfour. O. (1995), Ghana: The Burden of Debt Service Payment Under Structural Adjustment, African Economic Research Consortium Research Papers, No 8, English press Limited, Kenya. Bulow, J. and Rogoff, K. (1990), Cleaning up Third World Debt Without Getting Taken to the Cleaners, The Journal of Economic Perspective, 4(1), 31-42 Chowdhury Khorshed (1994), A Structural Analysis of External Debt and Economic Growth: Some Evidence of From Selected Countries in Asia and Pacific, Applied Economic, 26 (12). Claessens, S. and Diwan, I. (1990), Investment incentives: New Money, Debt Relief, and the Critical Role of Conditionality in Debt Crisis, The World Bank Economic Review, 4(1). Iyoha, M. A. (1999), External Debt and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African countries: An Econometric study, African Economic Research Consortium Research Papers No 90, English press Limited, Kenya Mjema, G. D. (1996), The Impact of Foreign Debt Servicing in the Economy of Tanzania: A Simultaneous equation approach, African Journal of Economic Policy, 3(1).

A Birthday Remembered Essay

Love is very complicated, not just butterflies in one’s stomach, but it also involves a lot of pain. The pain is not easy to drain. We have to confront ourselves with the pain and get over it, but that’s easier said than done. We restrain our feelings and try to forget them. This only causes an even bigger pain. That is the situation for Ellen, the main character in this short story. Ellen’s love life has been complicated, she is a lesbian and obliged to listen to people’s prejudices. Her one and only love, Jackie, dies caused by an incurable illness and she is not allowed to bury her â€Å"She has not been allowed to do this one last thing for Jackie. To be with her during the last rituals.† (l.24-25). Because of Jackie’s former husband, Roger, whom she has left to live with Ellen, but he could not accept his wife being a lesbian, because of his man-stubbornness and he even tried to declare her temporarily insane (l.15). Jackie’s daug hter on the other hand thinks that what Ellen and Jackie had was wonderful and beautiful, but you don’t know yet if she’s a lesbian herself or a heterosexual (l.102). The short story is written in third-person (l. 8) â€Å"why shouldn’t she?† The narrator is not omniscient, but we have inner-angel from Aunt El since we only â€Å"hear† thoughts from her, and not from Tobie or Warrick. (line. 104) â€Å"She felt the shock of the words†. You can’t really tell if the narrator is reliable or not, since we don’t know which connection he has to any of those in the story. Neither does he try to make anyone to seem like the â€Å"bad guy†, but the narrator is making us feel sorry for Aunt El, for her big lost Jackie. (L. 24 & 89) â€Å"She hadn’t been allowed to do this one last thing for Jackie† â€Å"but we have to get used to living without loved ones†. The language used in this short story is very well written and is very descriptive, because of all the adjectives being used, which makes the story way more â€Å"living†. (l. 12) â€Å"Roger had been furious, appalled and ang ry..† although the story is very well written it’s also a bit harsh to understand, because of some of all these adjectives and expressions. At line 37 there might be a flashback â€Å"here’s to you, Ellen Simms, on your birthday†. See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay The reason that this maybe could be a flashback is firstly because of the changing of the type, at only that sentence, which might give an account of her past together with Jackie before her death. One thing that was striking me was that the story is written in the preterit, but at the same time the narrator uses direct speech, which I think is a bit odd, since you normally writes the whole story in either present or the past, and very seldom a combination of the 2 indication of times. We have two main characters in this story, who’s Aunt El and Tobie: Aunt El / Ellen Simms is an old women who lives by herself. She used to be heterosexual and lived together with a man named Roger. They had a kid together named Tobie which is 15 years old. Ellen chooses to leave Roger because she’s changing her sexuality, and becomes a lesbian and falls in love with Jackie. But unfortunately Jackie died one year from now on, which leaves her alone with Tobie, and chooses to return back t o the father Roger. Ellen is a very obliging and kind person. She really misses her old flame Jackie, and cares a lot about Tobie whether her sexuality is heterosexual or lesbian (l. 83) â€Å"suppose it had been a girl? People choose who they want.† She seems considerate, when she offers Tobie and Warrick a hot cocoa, and remembers that young’s always are hungry and decides to make them some sandwiches. Tobie is daughter of Ellem Simms and the late Jackie. She’s 15 years old, but doesn’t have an abundance of friends (l. 20) â€Å"Tobie never had an abundance of friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She has short blond hair, had lineament from her father and a nice smile (l. 53-55). She cares about Ellen, since she’s the only one who shows up at her birthday and brings a present, which she has been saving money, for about a week. The way she earns these money is through her job in the library (l. 68) â€Å"I’m a library page after school..† helpful is also a good word, that would describe, which you can see in the story, when she offers her help to go and make cocoa together with Ellen. It seems she trusts Ellen more than her own father, since she decides to show Warrick for Ellen instead of her father. The message in this short story, is that pain will always be there, but only temporary, but at the same time hard to get over. That love is a big (maybe the biggest) part of our life and we should not regret, but remember the good times you’ve had with those you’ve loved. Don’t take anything in vain, live your life. And it doesn’t care if you are a heterosexual, lesbian or gay, just as long as you are happy. The title of this story is â€Å"a birthday remembered† which I guess is chosen because of all the emotional feelings that’s stepping in strength through this story and especially the quote from the daughters side â€Å"I hope it will be as wonderful and beautiful as what you and mom had together†.

Is Organic Food Better? Essay

There have been many different food trends over the years. We have been told about eating low fat diets, zero carb diets, and now organic. If you are like many others, there is a good chance that you have heard that organic foods are healthier to eat. They contain more vitamins, minerals, enzymes and taste than engineered produce do. Organic foods are also free from insecticides, pesticides, growth hormones, antibiotics, fertilizers and a whole host of other toxic artificial additives, flavorings, colorings and preservatives. Organic foods are better tasting, more nutritional, better on the environment, and ethically more appealing. What does it mean for food to be organic? When food is grown naturally, it is considered organic; that is, without the use of synthetic pesticides, irradiation, artificial fertilizers, or biotechnology. The growing and tending process is what really defines a food as organic. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the soil is thoroughly tested and must be free of chemical exposure for at least three years. The food farmers produce must be free of any chemical or genetically engineered ingredients and must not have been raised or produced with any drugs or hormones. Organic certification procedures require that the food producer and/or distributor keep detailed written records (of where, when, and how the food was produced) and keep the organic food segregated from non-organic food if working with both foods (United). The term â€Å"organic food† is not a new concept. It has been around for as long as agriculture has been on the earth. Food was organic until someone decided to change the way that food was produced. Within the last century a large supply of synthetic chemicals were introduced into the food supply. Farmers, in fear of insects, started using pesticides to kill the insects. They also used synthetic fertilizers (especially nitrogen) to make plants grow fast. Nitrogen-driven growth produces weak, watery, and overly leafy plants which are more vulnerable to insects causing farmers to use more pesticides. Pesticide spraying has contributed to serious health problems for workers on these farms. In the article â€Å"The Truth About Organic Foods,† Jessica. DeCostole writes â€Å"Some studies have linked pesticides in our food to everything from headaches to cancer to birth defects — but many experts maintain that the levels in conventional food are safe for most healthy adults. † Most of the pesticides and fertilizers run off, polluting streams, rivers, oceans, fisheries, and drinking water. Organic farming does not use as harsh of chemicals as conventional farming. This makes it better on the soil and the water supply. People who oppose organic farming argue that organic farming requires twice as much land to grow the same amount of food as conventional farming does. Organic farming may require more land, but it is not double as what conventional farming uses. While organic farming usually requires more land, it is not double. Since the soil is not being depleted, organic farmers can use their land for longer periods of time. Organic farming can also produce higher yields and profits when it is done correctly. According to Jane Goodall in Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating, the top 25 percent of sustainable farmers who farm without the use of chemicals have higher yields than industrial farmers in the United States (161). There’s no question that organic foods are frequently more expensive than comparable conventional foods. Some of this can be attributed to the reduced production costs that can be achieved through commercial fertilizer and chemicals. Some of the price difference can also be attributed to the economies of scale enjoyed by the large multinational food companies, but these food systems are not on a level playing field. U. S. farm policy infuses billions of dollars into the conventional food system and keeps commodity prices artificially low. In the article â€Å"Seriously, Now – Why Aren’t Organics Getting Affordable,† Christy Harrison states â€Å"Conventional crops are heavily subsidized by the federal government in the United States, making them artificially inexpensive. Couple those subsidies — which have been in place since the New Deal — with the cost of cleaning up pollution and treating health problems created by conventional farming, and we’re paying a lot in taxes in order to pay a pittance at the grocery store. † Furthermore, conventional crops have been aided by decades of public and private research and development. Organic food systems receive only a tiny fraction of the agricultural research funds. The problem is not so much that organic foods are expensive; it’s that government policy has made conventional foods too cheap and that hurts farmers, rural communities and the environment. Effectively reducing the price discrepancy requires changes in public policy and strengthened food regulations. As consumers, the best thing we can do to reduce the costs of local and organic is to purchase local and organic. As more consumers choose organic, and a larger network of organic farmers develop innovative practices, prices will inevitably narrow between conventional and organic products. The growing organic market will also induce more public and private investment. Some argue that organic food doesn’t necessarily taste better than conventional food. Taste is subjective though. It is one of the five senses able to detect the flavor of substances. The flavor of food in the mouth is partially contributed to taste. Smell is also a factor. â€Å"The aroma of food contributes up to 80% of what we perceive as taste† (Benefits). The difference between conventional food and organic food is that conventional food contains preservatives to make it last longer. Organic food does not. It is often produced on farms near where it is sold, so it tends to be fresher when eaten. Consumers need to be careful though when buying organic. Multi-national corporations have started to buy some of the organic lines on the market, creating organic factory farms. These farms â€Å"produce monocrops and ship the product cross-country† (Goodall 164). Shipping the food from these monocrops across the country is a bad thing for the environment. Those against organic foods argue that it is not any more nutritious than conventionally grown food. In an interview with Dan Childs of ABC News, Robyn Flipse states â€Å"There is no good evidence that organically grown plants or animals are nutritionally superior to conventionally grown. † Many studies have been attempted to determine if organic food is more nutritious to conventional food, but the problem is variability in how these studies have been conducted. It is difficult to compare findings when there is so much variability (Prosser). It is possible for organically grown fruits and vegetables to contain slightly higher levels of Vitamin C, trace minerals, and antioxidant phytonutrients. It all depends on how it is grown. Foods depend on soil and water for their nourishment, and cleaner soil and water means cleaner food. It is that simple. It is important for us to make a commitment to living a healthier life, and eating healthy is one way to do that. It isn’t just about eating more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and good fats. We also need to consider food safety, nutrition, and sustainability. How our foods are grown and raised affects the environment as well as our health. According to Samuel Fromartz in Organic, Inc., â€Å"Buying and consuming organic food has come to be viewed not only as a means of avoiding harm, but as a benefit in itself, a personal way of aligning nutrition, health, and social and environmental well-being† (16). Clearly, more research on the possible health benefits of organic foods is needed. That is not the only reason why people are buying them, but it is an important one, and we need more data. Still, it is fair to say that critics are clearly wrong when they try to argue that there is â€Å"no evidence whatsoever† that organics are better than conventional foods. More evidence is needed, but there are some early signs that organic supporters may have been right all along. Works Cited â€Å"The Benefits of Organic Food: Why Organic Food is Better. † Natural Health Guide. Natural Health Guide, 2010. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. Childs, Dan. â€Å"Are Organic Foods Better for You? † ABC News. ABC News, 29 Nov. 2006. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. DeCostole, Jessica. â€Å"The Truth About Organic Foods. † Redbook. Redbook. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. Fromartz, Samuel. Organic, Inc. Orlando: Harcourt Books, 2006. Print. Goodall, Jane, Gary McAvoy, and Gail Hudson. Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating. New York: Time Warner Book Group, 2005. Print. Harrison, Christy. â€Å"Seriously, Now – Why Aren‘t Organics Getting Affordable? † Grist. Grist, 25 Aug. 2005. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. Prosser, Erin. â€Å"Nutritional Differences in Organic versus Conventional Foods: And the Winner Is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Scientific American. Scientific American, 11 Aug. 2011. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. United States Dept. of Agriculture. National Organic Program. US Dept. of Agriculture, April 2008. PDF file. Self Evaluation I was not aware of using any of the rhetorical strategies while writing this piece. When I write, I research my topic and just write what comes to mind. It is not something that I think about when writing. As I look back at what I have written, I see that I have used a combination of these strategies. I would say that I have used ethos by using proper grammar. I am always watching my spelling and punctuation while writing. It is something that I cannot ignore. I am not like some people that just write and go back and edit afterward. I do most of my editing as I write. I have shown pathos by trying to appeal to the reader’s emotions about our health and environment. I have shown logos by the credible sources I have used, like Jane Goodall. In this piece, I mention a few of the arguments against organic food and counter them with why they are wrong. There are many who are against organic food, but their reasons for being against it do not hold up well. I was able to show sources that backed up why the reasons against organic food are wrong. I really cannot say that any of the techniques (reading responses, writerly practices, or peer reviews) helped me. The peer review for my rough draft was available for me to review for this paper. It was nice to have some feedback on my paper, though I do not feel it made a difference.

Ford Motor Company Free Essay Example, 750 words

Business Questions Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is relatively the fourth largest automotive manufacturer in terms of production capacity. The company sells vehicles under Ford and Lincoln brands. Ford’s domestic sales have been low and stagnant for quite some time, in comparison to its European operations that has increased by producing many quality acclaimed vehicles. The reason behind difference between domestic and international operations is expensive manufacturing facilities caused by â€Å"high wages and expensive health care and retirement obligations for Union Labor† (Corporate Ford, pp. 10-67). In 2008, the health care expenses for US employee and retirees were $1.3 billion and around $500 million for post retirement health care and the balance for active employee health care and other retiree (Corporate Ford, pp. 10-67). The excess capacity and introduction of new products in the key segments have pressurized the manufacturers to increase prices of their products. â€Å"The incremental new US manufacturing capacity of Japanese and Korean manufacturers have contributed, it is likely to continue pressure in US markets to increase prices† (Corporate Ford, pp. 10-67). Currency Exchange Rate Volatility can be a reason to be considering as we have witnessed that US dollar has strengthened against Euro and significantly against British pound, but weaken against Japanese Yen. We will write a custom essay sample on Ford Motor Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Other economic factors like increase in commodity and energy prices are also influential. In the United States, decline in residential construction spending have started since, it was 21% down in 2008 after 18% decline in prior year. This trend has two basic affect on sales and revenue directly through its unfavorable effect on GDP growth and as a contributing factor in soft demand for truck sales. Both of these factors lead to lower the light vehicles sales in United States. The financial analysis of Ford North America shows that fixed assets impairment charges has increased in 2008 as compared to 2006 and 2007 (Ford Motor Company, pp 1-6). Personnel – reduction programs, accelerated depreciation on leased facility, US dealer consolidation, supplier settlement, pension curtailment charges, variable marketing, US plant idling, job security benefits, and retirement benefits have been introduced in 2008, which has increased the deficit and resu lts in low profitability (Ford Motor Company, pp 1-6). Union Carbide In the wake of industrialization a devastated event occurred in December 1984 that is consider the worst chemical incident due to the leakage of methyl isocynate (MIC) gas in the plant of the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) killing approximately 3,800 people (ICFTU, pp. 15- 25) in a sweep and several thousands injured with partial or permanent disabilities. The studies showed that the gas evolved in a cloud with the cold breeze and caught the local residents, suffocating them with coughs, choking, and irritation eventually resulting in massive death tolls. UCIL launched a thorough investigation with the consent of the local and federal government of India and another independent review by experts of Arther D. Little (ICFTU, pp. 15- 25) that both indicated the same conclusion. The evidence from the effected site showed entrance of a massive amount of water in the tank containing the batch of methyl isocynate that created an impulsive reaction with the heat and pressure, which eve ntually resulted in a lethal gas that invaded the whole plant and the residential areas. The independent review also indicated that the tragedy occurred due to the deliberate action of a skilled employee who introduced the water in the tank as the plant was certified with all the safety systems working at the time of accident that clearly draw the line towards the weakness in UCIL organizational hierarchy and strategically decisions (Browning, pp. 1-15). UCIL have 50% stakes in the plant and the remaining by the Union Carbide Corporation. The company’s CEO was under arrest on arrival to India along with the other five senior Indian executives (ICFTU, pp. 15- 25). There were serious corporate criminal charges of negligence against them and due to lack of communication of reporting lines to the senior executives of the UCIL, the situation worsen as they were not aware of the exact cause of tragedy. The victims of the tragedy lack safety procedures and demonstrated that the Indian Government (Browning, pp. 1-15) should handle the crises management and medical relief that refrained towards the UCIL negligence resulting in arrest of the top management. The plant manufactures its own main ingredients, which is a highly toxic and unstable gas. Many events are indirectly link with the management infrastructure and its strategies such as in early 1984 there was a cut back in employees and restructuring, which resulted in lack of mor ale and confidence in the senior management’s loyalty. There was a cleaning scheduled on the same day of the plant and due to lack of monitoring and reporting; the deliberate negligence was countercheck when the metal barriers were not insert for protection against the water entering the MIC tank. It later on intensified with deliberate increase of water in the tank (ICFTU, pp. 15- 25). The lack of documented reporting and the ethical negligence on the part of the plant maintenance staff is a serious factor in this case, which needs to be consider. The senior management did not know the ignorance of the causes of the hazard, which is a flaw in the reporting line and delegation of duties to the lower management. There was a lack of crisis management and safety computer checks to unveil the tragedy though the plant was making a perilous component and such safety measures should be in place when operating by a surrounding of urban population (ICFTU, pp. 15- 25). Work Cited Browning, B. Jackson. †Union Carbide: Disaster at Bhopal. † Jackson Browning Report. Union Carbide Corp, 1993. Retrieved on August 22, 2011: http: //www. bhopal. com/~/media/Files/Bhopal/browning. pdf Corporate Ford. Ford Motor Company 2008 Annual Report. Ford, 2008. Retrieved on August 22, 2011: http: //corporate. ford. com/doc/2008_annual_report. pdf Ford Motor Company. Stock: Ford Motor Company (F), 2010. Retrieved on August 22, 2011: http: //www. wikinvest. com/stock/Ford_Motor_Company_(F) ICFTU. The Trade Union Report on Bhopal. International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. Geneva, 1985.